Choose a subject. Browse the photographs in each post and read the technical commentary below.
OUR TECHNICAL ARCHIVE
Engineering, up close.
Real field photographs with an engineering perspective: what to investigate, how a condition may develop and what informs a technical prescription.
Diagnosis. Prognosis. Technical prescription in practice.
Each reading explains the questions an engineering assessment addresses. Findings, risk classification and the final prescription depend on the property’s inspection, records, measurements and any necessary tests.
Drag to explore
1 / 17
T
THEIONBuilding pathology investigations
1 / 13
Cracks in walls, facades and junctions
Cracks in external finishes
On facades, crack position, direction, width and activity guide investigation of shrinkage, thermal effects, interfaces or structural movement. Width alone does not determine risk.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Openings can admit water and accelerate deterioration. Growth or associated deformation warrants investigation of a possible structural origin.
Technical prescription
Map and monitor cracks, review the substrate and design, and specify treatment compatible with the cause and expected movement.
T
THEIONBuilding pathology investigations
1 / 6
Dampness, water ingress and mould
The pattern of staining guides investigation of water ingress, leaks, rising damp or condensation. Identifying the moisture source is essential to understanding recurrence.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Persistent dampness may degrade materials and encourage mould. Damp or mouldy environments are associated with respiratory problems; indoor health and occupancy conditions warrant assessment.
Technical prescription
Locate and address the source, plan drying and material recovery, and check for recurrence. Any restriction on use depends on assessment of the space and its occupants.
T
THEIONBuilding pathology investigations
1 / 9
Concrete voids and exposed reinforcement
Cavities in concrete
5 field videos
Voids and exposed aggregate call for investigation of depth, extent and contact with reinforcement. The assessment examines the discontinuity and its significance within the member.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
A defect affecting critical regions may impair steel protection, bond or structural performance. Its severity depends on the investigation.
Technical prescription
Map the affected area, specify testing and assess repair or structural rehabilitation needs before filling or coating the surface.
T
THEIONBuilding pathology investigations
1 / 8
Cracked, broken and uneven floors
Cracked or raised floor tiles
Broken tiles and raised edges require examination of adhesion, joints, substrate and movement. Damage patterns help distinguish finish defects from substrate movement.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Progression may increase detachment and create sharp edges or trip hazards. Replacing a tile alone may leave the cause active.
Technical prescription
Protect the affected area, map the extent and specify substrate, joint and finish repairs based on the identified cause.
T
THEIONBuilding pathology investigations
1 / 4
Detached and missing finishes
Finish loss calls for examination of adhesion, moisture, cracking and substrate condition. The visibly detached area may be smaller than the area with impaired bond.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Loose material at height may fall and injure people. Exposure also allows water to reach the substrate and deterioration to progress.
Technical prescription
Assess precautionary access restrictions, locate unstable areas and specify substrate and finish repairs with adhesion checks.
T
THEIONProperty surveys
1 / 10
Doors, windows, sills and frames
Details to document during a handover survey
Damage around locks and frames should be recorded alongside checks of opening, closing, fixings and alignment. Examination separates finish defects from functional failures.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Poor fixing or adjustment can increase wear and impair door operation. Local damage alone does not establish a building structural defect.
Technical prescription
List handover defects, determine repair or replacement as appropriate and verify operation after correction.
T
THEIONProperty surveys
1 / 31
Property handover: worktops, ceilings and finishes
Worktops, wet areas and finishes
2 field videos
Wet-area assessment follows joints, junctions, drains and service points. A visually consistent finish does not prove watertightness.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Water passing through interfaces may reach substrates or adjacent rooms, sustain dampness and require opening finishes to trace its source.
Technical prescription
Check drainage, interfaces and waterproofing; specify tests and address the cause before reinstating finishes.
T
THEIONProperty surveys
1 / 11
Floors, walkways and transitions
Footpaths, edges and transitions
2 field videos
Damaged edges and pavement transitions require checks of levels, support and drainage. Use and damage progression help identify priority areas.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Level differences and material loss can cause trips and hinder accessibility. Standing water may worsen substrate deterioration.
Technical prescription
Map affected circulation areas and specify substrate, geometry and finish repairs, checking drainage and accessibility.
T
THEIONProperty surveys
1 / 2
Plumb, level and dimensional checks
Plumb and dimensional checks need a reference, an instrument and recorded readings. A photograph documents the procedure but does not independently quantify deviation.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Confirmed deviations may affect fit, finishes or design geometry. Significance depends on the element and applicable tolerances.
Technical prescription
Carry out a traceable survey, compare results with the design and acceptance criteria, and determine corrections or further assessment.
T
THEIONProperty surveys
1 / 10
Electrical and plumbing installations
Panels, boxes, conductors and connections must be assessed in the context of the construction stage. The technical review checks protection, identification, interfaces and completion.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Confirmed defects may cause leaks or, in electrical installations, shock and overheating. Appearance alone does not prove operation or safety.
Technical prescription
Arrange checks and testing by appropriately qualified professionals, document outstanding items and verify their resolution before acceptance.
T
THEIONConstruction supervision
1 / 31
Foundations and reinforcement: bases and walls
Excavations, reinforcement and bases
Discontinuity of longitudinal reinforcement at the foundation-member junction, with a missing lap splice as identified during supervision. Verification must compare the structural drawings with the installed reinforcement, including development and splice lengths, bar diameters, cover and transverse reinforcement.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Without a designed connection and anchorage mechanism, tensile-force transfer between bars and members may be compromised. This can promote excessive cracking, bar slip and reduced connection capacity, with the possibility of local failure. Severity and implications for global stability require structural analysis; the photograph cannot quantify risk or establish imminent collapse.
Technical prescription
Record the nonconformity and withhold concrete-placement approval for the affected area pending a detailing review by the responsible structural design engineer. Verify actions, materials, anchorage, splices and confinement under the applicable ABNT NBR 6118 and NBR 14931. Implement the formally designed solution and inspect reinforcement before placement. If already cast, specify investigation and any required rehabilitation design; do not improvise welds, bends or supplementary bars.
T
THEIONConstruction supervision
1 / 5
Waterproofing and wall-base protection
Wall bases and roof junctions are sensitive to water ingress. Investigate system continuity, terminations, drainage and material compatibility.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
A discontinuity can sustain leaks and damage finishes or adjacent components. Painting over a stain does not remove its cause.
Technical prescription
Trace the water route and specify the waterproofing system and junction details. Verify watertightness using an appropriate procedure before reinstatement.
T
THEIONConstruction supervision
1 / 56
Structures: reinforcement, slabs and masonry
Concrete and reinforcement: construction and details
Exposed reinforcement requires distinguishing projecting bars during construction from missing protection in a completed member. Nominal cover must be checked against the design and applicable ABNT NBR 6118 criteria.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Insufficient cover in service can favour corrosion, potentially leading to cracking, spalling, steel section loss and reduced bond, with possible structural implications.
Technical prescription
Measure cover, assess bar condition and remaining section, and investigate deterioration agents. Any rehabilitation requires appropriate design and execution control.
T
THEIONConstruction supervision
1 / 12
Roofs, steel structures and gutters
Roof assessment considers supports, connections, metal protection, roof sheets, gutters and terminations. Safe access and design information define the inspection scope.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Defects may permit leaks, corrosion and impaired connection or drainage performance. Structural consequences require specific assessment.
Technical prescription
Check connections and drainage, map deterioration and determine maintenance or rehabilitation based on design and observed conditions.
T
THEIONConstruction supervision
1 / 17
Finishes: preparation, application and junctions
For mortar finishes, substrate preparation, adhesion, thickness and execution conditions affect performance. Texture differences indicate areas for closer inspection.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Confirmed defects can progress to cracking, bond loss and detachment. An even finish does not reveal the condition of the concealed interface.
Technical prescription
Map symptoms, specify adhesion tests where indicated and define preparation, reinstatement and system acceptance criteria.
T
THEIONConstruction supervision
1 / 14
Interventions, chambers and pipework
Works in progress
Openings, chambers and excavations reveal systems that will later be concealed. This is the time to check interfaces, pipework, support and compatibility with the intervention scope.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
Closing work with unresolved issues may conceal leaks, inadequate support or discontinuities, making later investigation more invasive.
Technical prescription
Record accessible conditions, define checks and tests, and establish reinstatement and acceptance criteria. Completion needs evidence rather than appearance alone.
T
THEIONConstruction supervision
1 / 34
Construction stages and execution monitoring
Construction monitoring
Foundations, reinforcement and roofs need stage-specific checks. Monitoring compares executed work with drawings, specifications and construction records.
Prognosis and technical prescription
Prognosis
An unresolved discrepancy can be concealed by the next stage, complicating correction and affecting performance, time and cost.
Technical prescription
Define inspection points before concrete placement or system closure, record outstanding issues and refer technical decisions to the responsible professional.
Records are grouped by technical subject, not necessarily by property. Photographs alone do not establish a diagnosis or structural safety.